Ben Strack

As the IRS is looking to get intel on certain Kraken users as part of a tax investigation, the crypto exchange is standing its ground on the scope of its request.



The legal battle is “new territory,” according to Miles Fuller, a former IRS senior counsel who now works as head of government solutions at crypto tax firm TaxBit.&nbsp;&nbsp;



The IRS’ litigation against Kraken offers “the first real judicial look” at language added by Congress in 2019 to the IRS’ use of John Doe summonses, he added.



The Taxpayer First Act — passed that year — requires the IRS to “narrowly tailor” such summonses to only include requests for information pertaining to tax compliance or non-compliance.&nbsp;&nbsp;



It followed the federal district court in California first <a href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/court-authorizes-service-john-doe-summons-seeking-identities-us-taxpayers-who-have-used" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">allowing</a> the IRS to serve crypto exchange Coinbase with a John Doe summons in November 2016.



The IRS ultimately won the ability to enforce the summons, but only after Coinbase negotiated with the agency to reduce the scope of the information it was requesting, which was then approved by the court.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“In the current matter, Kraken is arguing against compliance by pointing to the new statutory language as well as the outcome of the Coinbase matter,” Fuller said. “This approach seems directed at testing the meaning of the new statutory change, which many believe was the result of the Coinbase enforcement litigation.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">How Kraken attracted the IRS</h2>



A California federal court <a href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/court-authorizes-service-john-doe-summons-seeking-identities-us-taxpayers-who-have-used-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">authorized</a> the IRS to serve Kraken a so-called John Doe summons in May 2021. The summons sought various information of US taxpayers who conducted $20,000 worth of crypto transactions or more any time between 2016 and 2020. 



IRS Commissioner Chuck Rettig said in a statement at the time the summons was a way “to uncover those who are trying to skirt reporting and avoid paying their fair share” — a situation due, in part, to <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/crypto-tax-reporting-to-skyrocket" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">not-yet-implemented regulations</a>.



After the summons was served, Kraken raised concerns about “the overbreadth of the requests,” according to legal documents. Negotiations stalled, and the IRS ultimately filed a lawsuit against Kraken in February in US District Court’s San Francisco division.&nbsp;



&#8220;One of Kraken’s guiding principles is maintaining the security and privacy of its clients’ personal and account information,” a Kraken spokesperson told Blockworks. “The IRS’ summons against Kraken seeks information far beyond what it is entitled to obtain for tens of thousands of US clients.”



The IRS does not comment on pending litigation, an agency representative said.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A question of scope </h2>



Kraken said it was opposing IRS requests in legal documents filed on April 21, noting they go beyond what the court allowed in the Coinbase matter. 



“Not only does it ask for several of the same categories of information that were rejected in [the] Coinbase [case], it wants more — and for a much bigger universe of users,” Kraken contends. “Such a summons is far broader than necessary to achieve the IRS’ purpose of investigating potentially underreported taxable gains.”



In the Coinbase case, the IRS was seeking the information of users with “at least the equivalent of $20,000 in any one transaction type (buy, sell, send or receive) in any one year,” Kraken said in its opposition court filing.



But now the IRS is after details of Kraken users “with at least the equivalent of $20,000 in value of transactions (regardless of type) in cryptocurrency in any one year” from 2016 to 2020.&nbsp;



Specifically, for those users, the IRS seeks account registration records, which would include details such as name, date of birth, taxpayer ID, address, phone number, IP address history and payment methods.&nbsp;



The agency is also after know-your-customer due diligence questionnaire information and anti-money laundering (AML) exception reports, which Kraken notes in legal documents that it opposes “in its entirety.”



Finally, Kraken is seeking to decline the IRS’ request for all records of user account activity and account funding records “to the extent it seeks records beyond transactional ledgers reflecting user deposit, withdrawal, trade and transfer activity during the relevant timeframe.” 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">An unclear conclusion</h2>



“The IRS has no inherent authority to pry unfettered into the affairs of US taxpayers,” Kraken states in the filing.&nbsp;



Fuller said it is hard to predict how this litigation will play out.



The new requirements related to John Doe summonses passed in 2019 was a standard the IRS needed to meet when it obtained pre-approval from the court in 2021 to serve the request to Kraken, he added.



Though the court initially sought additional information from the IRS, it approved the request after the agency filed a “narrowed” summons.&nbsp;



The court stated at the time, however, that “any further disputes as to the scope of the summons would benefit from adversarial briefing,” according to legal documents.&nbsp;



“Kraken’s approach here is an attempt to revisit that conversation, which the IRS is likely to argue against on procedural grounds,” Fuller said. “The outcome is unclear as this is new territory.”



A hearing on this matter is <a href="https://apps.cand.uscourts.gov/CEO/cfd.aspx?71BK" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">set</a> for May 19 before Judge Joseph Spero. 



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Kraken Is Standing Ground Versus the IRS — Does It Have a Case?

Casey Wagner

<div id="highlights-block_61fb1529c0f6e" class="highlights">
 <ul>
 <li>In a win for cryptocurrency stakers and miners, the IRS proposes not to tax unsold tokens of Tennessee couple</li>
 <li>Tokens attained through proof-of-stake protocols are taxpayer-created property and should not be taxed until sold or exchanged, the Nashville couple argued in May</li>
 </ul>
 
</div>



A decision to refund a Nashville couple taxes related to unsold Tezos tokens is set to clarify the IRS tax treatment of staked cryptocurrency.&nbsp;



In a win for cryptocurrency stakers and miners, the IRS has offered to refund the couple taxes paid on rewards gained — but not redeemed — from staking on the Tezos blockchain, according to people familiar with the matter.



Official court filings <a href="https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.tnmd.86378/gov.uscourts.tnmd.86378.35.0.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">were made public</a> on Thursday, indicating that a bench trial is set for March 2023, unless the case is settled following the conclusion of the discovery process in mid-March of this year.&nbsp;



In May 2021, Joshua and Jessica Jarrett requested a refund of $3,293 of income tax paid in 2019 for the receipt of 8,876 Tezos tokens, according to a legal <a href="https://www.scribd.com/document/509435727/Jarrett-Compl?secret_password=LFIAqtDNw9i5loKXdjB4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complaint</a> filed on May 26, 2021, with the US District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee. The couple also sought a $500 increase in tax credits for lost income.&nbsp;



Tokens attained through proof-of-stake protocols are taxpayer-created property and should not be taxed until sold or exchanged, the Jarretts argued. The complaint claims that nothing under United States law or IRS code and regulations allows for taxpayer-created property to be taxed as income.&nbsp;



The decision to offer a refund — which was rejected by the plaintiffs — has potentially large implications for how proof-of-stake miners and <a href="https://cms.blockworks.co/coinshare-launches-new-etps/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stakers</a> are taxed in the future.&nbsp;



A representative from the IRS declined to comment, and the agency has not yet published any formal policy statement — which is what the Jarrets are seeking in this case.



An offer of a settlement is not the same as a binding precedent, <a href="https://twitter.com/TokenTax/status/1489106538639675394" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">according to tax</a> and public <a href="https://twitter.com/jchervinsky/status/1489094575100735489" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">policy experts</a>.



This story was updated on Feb. 3, 2022, at 7:10 AM, with details on the released court filings.



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Start your day with top crypto insights from David Canellis and Katherine Ross. <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">Subscribe to the Empire newsletter</a>.



Explore the growing intersection between crypto, macroeconomics, policy and finance with Ben Strack, Casey Wagner and Felix Jauvin. <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/onthemargin">Subscribe to the Forward Guidance newsletter</a>.



Get alpha directly in your inbox with the <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/research">0xResearch newsletter</a> — market highlights, charts, degen trade ideas, governance updates, and more.



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Internal Revenue Service